A new puppy has a very small bladder and has never had to hold it in. Toilet training is mostly not about "teaching" the puppy. It is about giving them lots of chances to go in the right place, and rewarding them when they do. The RSPCA notes that dogs don't have full bladder capacity until around 12 months old, so patience is part of the plan.
The good news: the schedule is predictable. Puppies almost always need to go at the same moments, and once you know them, accidents drop fast.
PDSA, the RSPCA and Blue Cross all point to the same moments. Take your puppy outside:
Those two numbers look different because they describe different ages. A tiny eight-week-old needs far more trips than a four-month-old. The planner below spaces the "in between" trips to match your puppy's age, then adds the meal, wake-up and bedtime trips on top.
Pick one spot outside and use it every time. Stay calm and fairly boring while your puppy sniffs, because lots of excitement can distract them from the job. The moment they finish, reward straight away. The RSPCA says to reward immediately, every time, with praise, treats and play. PDSA suggests a high-value reward such as a healthy snack. Timing is everything: a treat handed over after you have walked back indoors will not tell the puppy what earned it.
Learn your puppy's "I need to go" signals too. Circling, sniffing the floor and suddenly stopping play are common ones. If you spot one, scoop them up or lead them out straight away.
Accidents are information, not misbehaviour. Never punish them.
PDSA, the RSPCA and Blue Cross agree: do not tell a puppy off, and never rub their nose in it. The RSPCA explains that a puppy will not link a telling-off with the accident that happened a moment earlier. They just become scared and confused, which can make training harder. Blue Cross says to expect several accidents in the first few months.
If you catch one in the act, calmly lead the puppy outside and reward if they finish there. Then clean the spot well so it does not smell like a toilet. The RSPCA suggests a warm solution of biological washing powder (one part powder to nine parts water), then a rinse with plain water. Blue Cross points to products made for the job from your vet. If you are unsure which cleaners are safe around pets, ask your vet.
Most puppies get there with routine, patience and rewards. But ask your vet if your puppy seems to be straining, passes urine very often or in tiny amounts, has blood in their urine or stools, drinks far more than usual, or seems to have sudden accidents after they had been doing well. Those can be health problems rather than training problems, and only a vet can tell. The RSPCA also says to get a dog checked by a vet to rule out health concerns if toilet training is not working.